
*Return to Nature *Food is Medicine *Water is Life *Eat less live long *Nature is the best Healer *Beauty is the agreement of all parts to a pleasing whole-Pythagoras
Monday, May 11, 2009
Colour of your skin linked to nicotine dependence

The colour of your skin and nicotine dependence could be linked, according to latest research.
Smokers with higher concentrations of melanin - the colouring pigment - in their skin and hair may be at an increased risk of nicotine dependence and related carcinogens than lighter skinned smokers.
"We have found that the concentration of melanin is directly related to the number of cigarettes smoked daily, levels of nicotine dependence and nicotine exposure among African Americans," said Gary King, professor of bio-behavioural health at Penn State University.
King states that previous research shows that nicotine has a bio-chemical affinity for melanin. Conceivably, this association could result in an accumulation of the addictive agent in melanin-containing tissues of smokers with greater amounts of skin pigmentation.
"The point of the study is that if in fact nicotine does bind to melanin, populations with high levels of melanin could indicate certain types of smoking behaviour, dependence, and health outcomes that will be different from those in less pigmented populations," explained King.
These findings are based on a survey of 150 adult African American smokers from three sites in inner city Harrisburg during summer 2007, said a Penn State University release.
Participants provided researchers with the average number of cigarettes smoked each day and answered a questionnaire that measured nicotine dependence.
The team's findings will appear in the June issue of the journal Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behaviour.
Friday, May 8, 2009
RATIONAL FASTING
Thursday, May 7, 2009
Genes that mediate breast cancer metastasis to the brain
Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10021, USA
Department of Radiation and Cellular Oncology, and Ludwig Center for Metastasis Research, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
Department of Pathology, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10021, USA
Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, Josephine Nefkens Institute and Cancer Genomics Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland 20185, USA
Present addresses: Institut de Malalties Hemato-Oncològiques, Hospital ClÃnic, 08036 Barcelona, Spain (C.N.); Oncology Programme, Institute for Research in Biomedicine, 08028 Barcelona, Spain (R.R.G.).
Correspondence to: Joan Massagué1,6 Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to J.M. (Email: j-massague@ski.mskcc.org).
The molecular basis for breast cancer metastasis to the brain is largely unknown1, 2. Brain relapse typically occurs years after the removal of a breast tumour2, 3, 4, suggesting that disseminated cancer cells must acquire specialized functions to take over this organ. Here we show that breast cancer metastasis to the brain involves mediators of extravasation through non-fenestrated capillaries, complemented by specific enhancers of blood–brain barrier crossing and brain colonization. We isolated cells that preferentially infiltrate the brain from patients with advanced disease. Gene expression analysis of these cells and of clinical samples, coupled with functional analysis, identified the cyclooxygenase COX2 (also known as PTGS2), the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) ligand HBEGF, and the 2,6-sialyltransferase ST6GALNAC5 as mediators of cancer cell passage through the blood–brain barrier. EGFR ligands and COX2 were previously linked to breast cancer infiltration of the lungs, but not the bones or liver5, 6, suggesting a sharing of these mediators in cerebral and pulmonary metastases. In contrast, ST6GALNAC5 specifically mediates brain metastasis. Normally restricted to the brain7, the expression of ST6GALNAC5 in breast cancer cells enhances their adhesion to brain endothelial cells and their passage through the blood–brain barrier. This co-option of a brain sialyltransferase highlights the role of cell-surface glycosylation in organ-specific metastatic interactions.
Medicinal Plants
Tuesday, May 5, 2009
EVOLUTION OF MEDICINE
- 2650 BC Egypt The Egyptian healer Imhotep is the first to attempt to find nonreligious causes of disease.
- 2650 BC China Chinese emperor Huang Di begins the canon of internal medicine, with the text Nei Jing/Inner Canon of Medicine, which balances ideas of yin and yang.Most subsequent Chinese medical literature is founded on it. There is some evidence, however, suggesting that the Nei Jing may actually date from only the 3rd century BC.
- 2500 BC China The practice of acupuncture is developed in China.
- 1600 BC Egypt The Edwin Smith papyrus is written. The first medical book, it contains clinical descriptions of the examination, diagnosis, and treatment of injuries, and reveals an accurate understanding of the workings of the heart, stomach, bowels, and larger blood vessels. The papyrus is named after US scientist Edwin Smith, a pioneer in the study of Egyptian science who acquired it in Luxor, Egypt, in 1862.
- 285 BC Egypt Ptolemaic Kingdom Herophilus, an anatomist working at Alexandria, dissects human bodies and compares them with large mammals. He distinguishes the cerebrum and cerebellum, establishes the brain as the seat of thought, writes treatises on the human eye and on general anatomy, and writes a handbook for midwives.
- 255 BC China The doctrine of the pulse, which emphasizes feeling the pulse as the most important aspect of diagnosis, and that a healthy life is achieved by a balance of yin and yang, is introduced in China. It will be compiled into the Mo Jing in about AD 300 by Wang Shu-he.
- 90 BC Rome The Roman scholar Marcus Terentius Varro writes that disease is caused by the entry of imperceptible particles into the body – the first enunciation of germ theory.
- 400 Greece Roman Empire The Graeco-Roman physician Caelius Aurelianus is practisingHis De morbis acutis et chronicis/Concerning Acute and Chronic Illness, a guide to acute and chronic diseases, becomes a highly respected text in the Middle Ages.
- 501 India The Indian medical manual Susruta is compiled. It becomes a standard text for Indian physicians.
- 529 Italy St Benedict of Nurcia establishes the first Benedictine monastery and hospital at Monte Cassino, near Naples, Italy. The monastery will become a centre of medical knowledge throughout the Middle Ages.
- 900 Europe Spices from the East Indies are introduced to Europe around this time. They are used principally for medicinal purposes.
- 1163 France At the council of Tours in France, the Catholic Church issues an edict against the mutilation of dead bodies. Although primarily aimed at the stripping of crusaders' bones for transport back to Europe, it also affects medical research.
- 1248 Egypt Spanish-born Muslim Al-Baytar, ‘chief of botanists’ in Cairo, Egypt, writes Kitab al-jami/Collection of Simple Drugs, which lists 1,400 different remedies and is the largest and most popular Arab pharmacopoeia.
- 1472 Italy Italian physician Giovanni Matteo Ferrari, writes his Useful Repertory of the Precepts of Avicenna, a commentary on the work of the great 11th century Arab physician Avicenna.
- 1478 Greece The De medicina/On Medicine of the Greek physician Galen is produced in print for the first time, giving new currency to his theories.
- 1493 Europe Spain Syphilis appears in Europe for the first time, brought back from South America by sailors returning with the explorer Christopher Columbus. The disease is first reported in Barcelona, Spain.
- 1500 Swiss Confederation Swiss doctor and sow gelder Jacob Nufer performs the first recorded Caesarean operation on a living woman, helping his wife to give birth safely.
- 1531 Greece A rediscovered text by the classical Greek physician Galen, On Anatomical Procedures, is published for the first time.
- 1546 Italy The Italian physician Girolamo Fracastoro publishes De contagione etcontagiosis morbis et curatione/On Contagion and the Cure of Contagious Disease, in which he describes typhus for the first time, and also proposes that diseases are spread through microscopic bodies.
- 1676 England English physician Thomas Sydenham publishes Observationes medicae/Medical Observations, which will be a standard medical text for two centuries. In it, he analyses fevers and suggests cooling treatment for smallpox.
- 1678 North America British colonist Thomas Thatcher publishes A Brief Rule... in Small Pocks or Measles, the first medical publication in North America.
- 1717 UK Lady Mary Wortley Montagu writes Inoculation Against Smallpox, reporting the method of immunization known in the East for centuries and introducing the practice of inoculation for smallpox into England; the inoculation of the Princess of Wales makes it fashionable.
- 1721 North America The first smallpox inoculations are performed in America by Dr Zabdiel Boylston in Boston, Massachusetts. Smallpox epidemics are a constant threat to colonial cities, and while some fear and mistrust the inoculation, most who have it administered survive.
- 1763 England English clergyman Edmund Stone describes the effective treatment of fever using willow bark, from which the active ingredient of aspirin is later derived.
- 1796 England English physician Edward Jenner performs the first vaccination against smallpox.
- 1805 UK The British navy's success at Trafalgar is partly due to the fact that sailors have a regular ration of lime or lemon juice, which eradicates scurvy.
- 1854 Ottoman Empire English nurse Florence Nightingale arrives in Scutari, Ottoman Empire, and introduces sanitary measures in an effort to reduce deaths from cholera, dysentery, and typhus during the Crimean War.
- 1858 UK The British physician Henry Gray publishes Anatomy of the Human Body, Descriptive and Surgical (Gray's Anatomy). It remains the standard text in anatomy for over 100 years.
- 1860 UK English nurse Florence Nightingale establishes the Nightingale School for Nurses. The first nursing school in England, it establishes nursing as a profession for women.
- 1863 France French parasitologist Casimir-Joseph Davaine shows that anthrax is due to the presence of rodlike micro-organisms in the blood. It is the first disease of animals and humans to be shown to be caused by a specific micro-organism.
- 1874 Austria The Austrian surgeon Theodor Billroth develops the study of the bacterial causes of fever associated with wounds with the publication of Untersuchungen über die Vegetationsformen von Coccobacteria septica/Investigations of the Vegetal Forms of Coccobacteria septica.
- 1881 Cuba Cuban physician Carlos Juan Finlay discovers that the mosquito Aëdes aegypti is the carrier of yellow fever. His results are published in 1886 but his experiments are ignored until 1900.
- 1889 Germany German physiologists Oskar Minkowski and Joseph von Mering remove the pancreas from a dog, which then develops diabetic symptoms. It leads them to conclude that the pancreas secretes an antidiabetic substance, which is now known as insulin.
- 1893 USA Canadian physician William Osler, US surgeons William Stewart Halsted and Howard Atwood Kelly, and US pathologist William Henry Welch establish Johns Hopkins Medical School in Baltimore, Maryland. Associated with Johns Hopkins Hospital, and created especially for teaching and research, it excels in clinical work and surgery, and sets an example that influences medical education in the USA.
- 1898 Netherlands Martinus Willem Beijerinck identifies the first virus; it is the cause of tobacco mosaic disease.
- 1900 USA US army pathologist Walter Reed establishes that yellow fever is caused by the bite of an Aëdes aegypti mosquito infected with the yellow fever parasite. His discovery leads to the creation of a vaccine and makes possible the completion of the Panama Canal.
- 1903 Dutch physiologist Willem Einthoven invents the string galvanometer (electrocardiograph), which measures and records the tiny electrical impulses produced by contractions of the heart muscle. He uses it to diagnose different types of heart disease.
- 1905 United Kingdom,Germany Aspirin, manufactured by the German pharmaceutical company Bayer AG, is introduced in Britain.
- 1912 USA Polish-born US biochemist Casimir Funk isolates vitamin B1 (thiamine) and coins the name ‘vitamines’. This proves a vital discovery in the treatment of the disease beriberi, which is caused by a deficiency of the vitamin.
- 1915 Germany The German company Bayer introduces aspirin in tablet form.
- 1921 Canada Canadian physiologists Frederick Banting, Charles Best, and John James MacLeod isolate insulin. A diabetic patient in Toronto, Canada, receives the first insulin injection
- 1927 USA Bellevue Hospital in New York City installs an electric respirator, a device designed to offset respiratory failure designed by Harvard University physicians Philip Drinker and Louis Shaw.
- 1928 UK Scottish bacteriologist Alexander Fleming discovers penicillin when he notices that the mould Penicillium notatum, which has invaded a culture of staphylococci, inhibits the growth of the bacteria.
- 1929 German psychiatrist Hans Berger invents the electroencephalograph, which measures and records brain wave patterns.
- 1937 France The French microbiologist Max Theiler develops a vaccine against yellow fever; it is the first antiviral vaccine.
- 1940 Australia, UK Australian pathologist Howard Florey and German-born British biochemist Ernst Chain develop penicillin, in Oxford, England, for general clinical use as an antibiotic, announcing their results in The Lancet.
- 1943 USA Russian-born US biologist Selman Abraham Waksman discovers the antibiotic streptomycin, which is used as a treatment for tuberculosis; he coins the term ‘antibiotic’ to describe the range of antibacterial drugs developed since the discovery of penicillin.
- 1947 USA The poliomyelitis virus is isolated by US physician Jonas E Salk.
- 1956 USA Drug manufacturers in the USA begin to market the poliomyelitis vaccine developed by Dr Jonas E Salk.
- 1957 Scotland, Switzerland Interferon, a natural protein that fights viruses, is discovered by Scottish virologist Alick Isaacs and Swiss virologist Jean Lindemann.
- 1970 USA US biochemists Howard Temin and David Baltimore separately discover the enzyme reverse transcriptase, which allows some cancer viruses to transfer their RNA to the DNA of their hosts turning them cancerous – a reversal of the common pattern in which genetic information always passes from DNA to RNA.
- 1972 USA US microbiologist Daniel Nathans uses a restriction enzyme that splits DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) molecules to produce a genetic map of the monkey virus (SV40), the simplest virus known to produce cancer; it is the first application of these enzymes to an understanding of the molecular basis of cancer.
- 1973 USA US biochemists Stanley Cohen and Herbert Boyer develop the technique of recombinant DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). Strands of DNA are cut by restriction enzymes from one species and then inserted into the DNA of another; this marks the beginning of genetic engineering.
- 1973 USA US medical physicist Paul Lauterbur obtains the first NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance) image, in Britain. Radio waves are beamed through a patient's body while subjected to a powerful magnetic field; an image is generated because different atoms absorb radio waves at different frequencies under the influence of a magnetic field.
- 1977 USA US medical researcher Raymond Damadian produces the first images of human tissues using an NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance) scanner; used to detect cancer and other diseases without the need for X-rays, the scanner is based on the fact that electromagnetic fields cause some atomic nuclei to align themselves. The scanners become commercially available in the USA in 1984.
- 1982 USA US researcher Stanley Prusiner discovers prions (proteinaceous infectious particles); they are responsible for several neurological diseases including ‘mad cow disease’ (first identified in 1986).
- 1983 USA US medical researcher Robert Gallo at the US National Cancer Institute, Maryland, and French medical researcher Luc Montagnier at the Pasteur Institute in Paris, France, isolate the virus thought to cause AIDS; it becomes known as the HIV virus (human immunodeficiency virus).
- 1988 France A French company markets the abortion-inducing drug RU486, developed by Etienne Baulieu; it induces an abortion up to seven weeks after fertilization by blocking receptors for the production of the hormone progesterone; anti-abortion groups protest.
- 1994 USA Trials using transfusions of artificial blood begin in the USA. The blood contains genetically engineered haemoglobin.
- October 1994 , The Pan American Health Organization declares the Americas to be free of Central America, polio.
- 9 February 1998 USA US scientist David Ho reports the discovery of the HIV virus in a 1959 blood sample and suggests that the transfer from ape to human occurred in the late 1940s or early 1950s.
- 27 March 1998 USA The US manufacturing company Pfizer gets approval from the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for its pill Viagra, which can cure male impotence. It becomes the fastest-selling prescription drug in US history.
- 28 April 1998 England UK researchers at Guy's Hospital in London, England, announce the development of a vaccine against Streptococcus mutans the bacterium that causes tooth decay. They hope it will be incorporated into toothpaste to eradicate decay.
- 10 April 2001 Netherlands The Netherlands becomes the first country in the world to legalize euthanasia as the upper house of parliament gives final endorsement to legislation.
- 19 April 2001 South Africa A group of 39 multinational pharmaceutical firms abandon their court action against South Africa's government over the provision of generic drugs to combat AIDS.
- August 2001 The results of an international medical study indicate that a simple combination therapy involving aspirin and a blood-thinning drug could represent the biggest breakthrough against heart disease in 20 years.
- 27 March 2007 world Scientists announce the world's first case of semi-identical human twins.
National Association of Naturopathic Physicians --
A. DEFINITION
The Dictionary of Occupational Titles, U.S. Department of Labor, Washington, D.C., defines naturopathy as follows: Doctor, Naturopathic (medical service), 0-52-21. Naturopathic. A healer. Diagnoses and treats patients to stimulate and restore natural bodily processes and functions, using a system of practice that employs physical, mechanical, chemical, and psychological methods; utilizes dietetics, exercise, manipulation, chemical substances naturally found in or produced by living bodies, and the healing properties of air, light, water, heat, and electricity. Provides for care of bodily functions, processes, or traumas, and treats nervous or muscular tensions, abnormalities of tissues, organs, muscles, joints, bones, and skin, pressure on nerves, blood vessels, and lymphatics, and assists patient in making adjustments of a mental and emotional nature. Naturopathy excludes the use of major surgery, X-ray, and radium for therapeutic purposes and the use of drugs with the exception of those substances which are assimilable, contain elements or compounds which are components of bodily tissues and are useable by body processes for maintenance of life.
Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (G. & C. Merriam Company, 1W5), on page 563, defines naturopathy as: a system of treatment of disease emphasizing assistance to nature and including the use of natural medicinal substances and physical means (as manipulation and electrical treatment).
In his book "Basic Naturopathy" (1948, American Naturopathic Association, Inc.), Harry Riley Spitler, N.D., M.D., Ph.D., uses this definition: Naturopathy is a complete system of practice, making use of nature's agencies, forces, and processes, and products for therapeutic purposes, exclusive of major surgery.
The definition adopted by N.A.N.P. is this: Naturopathy (naturopathic medicine) -- A system of treatment of human disease which emphasizes assisting nature. It embraces minor surgery and the use of nature's agents, forces, processes, and products, and introduces them to the human body by any means that will produce health-yielding results.
B. THE SCIENTIFIC BASIS OF NATUROPATHY
1. Historical development
One aspect of Naturopathy dates to the pre-Christian Egyptians -- to their use of massage and manipulation of the body, its muscles, its tissues: the beginning of mechanotherapy. The Old Testament refers to subsequent Israelite rules governing diet hygiene. Me steam and vapor baths (early hydrotherapy) of middle Europe in the Middle Ages still obtain as does the use of cold and hot baths perfected by early Romans and Athenians.
The herbal, botanical side of naturopathy dates most clearly to the Chinese of 5,000 years ago, the discoverers of therapeutic value in ginseng, cascara. and other roots, flowers, and botanical substances.
Naturopathic education dates to the Athenian teachings of Easculapius during the 13th century B.C. Of the 300 "healing centers" in Greece which followed, 200-300 years B.C., one (at Kos) nurtured Hippocrates, father of modern medicine.
In 1050 A.D. the first "university of hygiene" was founded at Salerno, Italy: the initial book of health rules it produced went through 240 editions.
As the 12th century opened, universities were founded in Bologna. Montpellier, and Oxford. Paracelsus began experiments with the body's dependency upon sulphur, mercury, and salt, and with the concept of internal medication . . . giving birth to the theory of iatro-chemistry, the forerunner of contemporary pharmacology.
It could 'be held that naturopathy as a formal profession and discipline was recognized and legalized when the "Herbalist Charter" of King Henry VIII was enacted by England's Parliament. That document read in part: Be it ordained. established, and enacted, by authority of this present Parliament, That all Time from henceforth it shall be lawful to every Person being the King's subject, having Knowledge and Experience of the Nature of Herbs, Roots, and Waters or of the Operation of the same, by Speculation or Practice, within any part of the Realm of England, or within any other of the King's Dominations, to practice, use, and minister in and to any outward Sore, Uncome Wound, Aspotemations, outward Swelling or Disease, Any Herb or Herbs, Ointments, Baths, Pultess, and Emplaisters, according to their cunning, Experience, and Knowledge in any of the Diseases, Sores, and Maladies beforesald, and all other like to the same, or Drinks for the Stone, Strangury, or Agues, without suit, vexation, trouble, penalty, or loss of their goods. . . .
Hydrotherapy, as an adjunct of natural healing, gained initial European prominence through the movement begun by Priessnitz at his institute in Grafenberg, Silesia in 1829. At first, lay patients, and later physicians, sought his teaching and help with such practical procedures as plunge, hot and cold packs, sitz baths, and compresses.
But hydrotherapy is only one of the many therapeutic techniques employed by naturopathy. Rickli delved into sunlight and air cures following Priessnitz' lead, beginning in 1848. Berg began research into vegetarian diet; Finsen, into ultraviolet treatment; Cone, into psychology; Schroch into warm moisture, dry diet, and fasting ... all precursor scientists to the formal regimen of today's naturopathy.
The groundwork for naturopathy per se was laid by Hippocrates, when he wrote in a treatise on "Epidemic Diseases" -- "Nature is the healer of all disease. Let foods be your Medicine and your Medicine your Foods."
The 19th century . . . from 1859 to 1900 particularly . . . fleshed-out Hippocrates' basic thesis. Man after man added to the body of knowledge concerning natural healing: Christian was the food scientist; Buckley was the first American physician to recognize the value of diet in treating cancer patients; Wilstatter, a German chemist, was first to study the healing properties of chlorophyll in treating anemia.
The 20th century practitioner who tied all the foregoing body of knowledge together, into the formal concepts of contemporary naturopathy, was Benedict Lust, born and educated in Germany, who introduced naturopathic healing to the United States in 1892, with the founding of his Yungborn Health Institution in New Jersey. . . . at the same time that Dr. Still propounded the philosophy of osteopathy and Dr. Palmer Inaugurated the practice of chiropractic.
Naturopathy's pioneers, in addition to Lust, Included Kellogg, founder of the Battle Creek Sanitarium, and Hahnemann, founder of homeopathy.
2. Scientific theories and principles
Naturopathy (naturopathic medicine) is the technique of treatment of human disease which emphasizes assisting nature. It can embrace minor surgery and the use of nature's agencies, forces, processes, and products, introducing them to the human body by any means that will produce health-yielding results.
Naturopathy is based upon the tendency of the body to maintain a balance and to heal itself. The purpose of naturopathic medicine is to further this process by using natural remedies . . . as distinct from "orthodox" medicine (allopathy and osteopathy), which seeks to combat disease by using remedies which are chosen to destroy the causative agent or which produce effects different from those produced by the disease treated (from the definition of "allopathy" -- Webster's Seventh New College Dictionary: 1965, p. 24).
Naturopathy places priority upon these conditions as the basis for ill health: (1) lowered vitality; (2) abnormal composition of blood and lymph; (3) maladjustment of muscles, ligaments, bones, and neurotropic disturbances; (4) accumulation of waste matter and poison in the system; (5) germs, bacteria, and parasites which invade the body and flourish because of toxic states which may provide optimum conditions for their flourishing; (6) consideration of hereditary influences; and (7) psychological disturbances.
In applying naturopathic principles to healing, the practitioner may administer one or more of specified physiological, mechanical, nutritional, manual. phytotherapeutic, or animal devices or substances. The practitioners end aim is to remove obstacles to the body's normal functioning, applying natural forces to restore its recuperative facilities. Only those preparations and doses which act in harmony with the body economy are utilized, to alter perverse functions, cleanse body of its catabolic wastes, and promote its anabolic processes.
3. Supportive studies and research
Bibliographies containing reference works used in teaching undergraduate practitioners-to-be, and utilized, postgraduate, by practicing naturopathic physicians, are appended hereto, from the Library of Congress and from the National Library of Medicine in Bethesda, Maryland.
In sum, the texts on these appended bibliographies comprise the primary body of formal knowledge which governs the practice of naturopathy -- the results of research emanating from or pertinent to this profession, and case studies which confirm the validity of the naturopathic mode of practice.
C. THE PRACTICE OF NATUROPATHY
1. Role of diagnosis
Diagnosis (as defined by Gould and as accepted by naturopathy) is the determination of the nature of a disease by --
Anatomical diagnosis: diagnosis based upon the recognition of definite anatomical alterations lying back of the phenomena;
Post-mortem diagnosis: diagnosis made after death, by autopsy;
Clinical diagnosis: diagnosis made from the symptoms alone;
Differential diagnosis: distinguishing between two diseases of similar character by comparing their symptoms;
Exclusion diagnosis: recognition of a disease by excluding all other known conditions;
Pathological diagnosis: diagnosis of the structural lesions present in a disease;
Physical diagnosis: determination of disease by inspection, palpation, percussion, or auscultation and observation;
Topographical diagnosis: that based upon the seat of a lesion.
Diagnosis is, necessarily, each physician's prelude to prescription and/or treatment, as it is with all naturopathic physicians, albeit that diagnosis from verbal (orally-given) symptoms, is unacceptable. Naturopathy's forebearers may have set today's standards for diagnosis as a mandatory prelude to treatment. The chemist of George Washington's era, Carl Wilhelm Scheele, discarded from his apothecary shop the previously (and automatically) applied "iron from the nails of the coffins of criminals," etc., as essential medications." Further symptoms alone are but one phase of diagnosis, for symptoms are to naturopathy, as Hippocrates wrote, "Partly symptoms of defense and partly symptoms of failure."
a. Interview
Techniques for patient interviews are generally consistent throughout naturopathic practice. Sample questionnaire forms for completion by physician and/or patient are appended. The personal interview Is the naturopathic physician's first phase of diagnosis -- observation, visual detection of obvious abnormalities of a physical or psychological character, aural detection of physiological (speech) or psychological abnormalities, etc.
During the interview, the naturopathic physician examines extensively for subjective symptoms which are revealed through conversation, and seeks maximum objective or subjective information following the diagnostic outline in 1. above.
b. Physical examination
Guidelines in the diagnostic outline of 1. above apply to physical examination of the patient as well as to aural-written notions.
Initial physical examinations, for new patients, are comprehensive, regardless of the nature of the patient's complaint -- to establish history and ascertain with some exactitude the current status of the patient's body. Manual and visual examination of the body -- its limbs, muscles, orifices, is routine.
The naturopath applies to his physical examinations of patients the principles in which he has been trained -- osteology, Roentgenology, dermatology, syndesmology, myology, neurology, topographical anatomy, ophthalmology, angiology. physiology, otalaryngology, clinical psychology, pediatrics, proctology, gynecology, obstetrics, etc.
Aside from data collected on a patient's questionnaire, the physical examination probes functions of the neuron and muscle fibers and their interdependence in myoneural action; physio-chemical phenomena associated in the process of osmosis, diffusion, and their bearing on such functions as pulmonary and cellular respiration, absorption, and secretion; the physiology of the heart, blood, and lymph; the excretory functions of the kidney (see following d.), skin, and lungs; the endocrine system and its role in the metabolic process; the function of the cerebrospinal and autonomous nervous systems; the physiology of the male and female generative systems.
c. Diagnostic aids
The naturopath's armamentarium includes every accepted diagnostic instrument: Sphygmomanometer; stethoscope, electro-cardiograph; endo-cardiograph; thermometer; speculums; proctoscopes; sigmoidoscopes; instruments for testing reflexes, aural receptivity, and for testing pressure of the eyeball; scales; X-ray fluoroscopes -- the gamut of modern medicine's diagnostic equipment. (Note: naturopathic physicians utilize X-ray for diagnostic purposes, not for therapy.)
d. Laboratory tests
The naturopathic physician is schooled in inorganic chemistry, bio-chemistry, biology, zoology, histology, microscopic anatomy, splanchology, embryology, bacteriology, pathology, toxicology, trophology, endocrinology, etc.
He is trained in laboratory diagnosis, conducting his own tests or utilizing state health department or private laboratories for studies and evaluation. (A Rumple report form utilized by Oregon's Public Health Laboratory in reporting test results to naturopaths is appended.) The naturopath applies physiological and pathological chemistry to his analyses: micro-biology and micro-bacteriology, serology, and bio-chemistry.
All of the bodies' tissues, fluids and excretions are subject to examination during the course of laboratory testing as part of naturopathic diagnosis: urine, sputum, feces, epidermal abnormalities, gastric fluids, etc.
Blood testing, aside from Its role as part of any general physical examination, is also conducted by the naturopath for the specific purpose of detecting venereal disease or as a concomitant and pre- and post-natal care and the prophylaxis of or informational reporting on new-born infants. Serology is an essential part of naturopaths' geriatric and gerontological practice.
2. Treatment methods
Obviously, treatment will vary with the condition which necessitates it. Generally speaking, naturopathy utilizes nature's agencies, forces, processes, and products, which may be applied to the body by using physiotherapy, mechanotherapy, or hydrotherapy. Botanical agents and biological remedies may be prescribed, for external application or internal consumption, and nutritional counseling may figure in treatment.
lontophoresis is employed frequently to ionize certain remedies in the treatment of disease when it is deemed inadvisable to prescribe internal medication.
Naturopathy's overriding dictate . . . when the practitioner's decision to apply prophylactic or physiological therapeusis is being formulated . . . is that nature is a sensitive agent possessing the faculty of making her own cures.
The techniques applicable to naturopathic treatment of disease and illness are the same techniques applicable to treatment by an allopath, with greater emphasis upon hydrotherapy, massage, manipulation, or electrotherapy in necessary instances, and with greater utilization of medications in their natural or botanical form than in their chemically-created or derived form.
To draw a simple comparison, naturopathic gynecology and obstetrics parallel allopathic gynecology and obstetrics. Naturopathy's osteopathic treatment embraces the identical principles of clinical visceral neurology and orthopedics (minor surgery) as those guiding the osteopath. Similarly, naturopathy's uses of Roentgenology and radiology are no more radical than those of allopathy.
Naturopathy does, in general, rely less heavily on radical alteration of bodily functions and chemistry than do other healing arts. Naturopathy's primary stresses include light therapy (helio, light, ultra-violet, infra-red, chrome, etc.); electrotherapy (galvanic, faradic, sinusoidal, diathermic etc.); vigrotherapy (oscillations, concussions, vibration, spondylotherapy); remedial exercise (kinesiotherapy, medical gymnastics, body mechanics, active and passive exercise): manipulations (osseus and soft tissue, mobilization and immobilization techniques, spinal therapy, manipulative and orificial surgery); vasomotor control, mechanical therapy (utilizing supporters, prosthetics, belts, casts, pneumatotherapy, zone therapy, orthopedic devices); crymotherapy; blochemic therapy (nutritional -- correcting deficiencies and employing corrective or hygienic nutrition, phytotherapy-using naturopathic botanicals, herbal, and vegetable materials as listed in "Naturae Medicina"; the use of tissue minerals and cell salts -- Schuessler, vitamins, endocrines, etc; vaportherapy; colon therapy -- irrigating agents and other products for the treatment pathoses of this region; autotherapies; climatotherapy.
3. Patient records
Refer to appended, sample patient interview (narrative case history) questionnaires and laboratory reports. Each practitioner maintains his own form of on-going record for detailing a patient's medical history or progress.
D. CONTRIBUTIONS OF NATUROPATHY TO THE HEALTH FIELD
1. New knowledge
See the appended bibliography of works utilized as references by this profession. These lists include works which are the product of naturopathic case studies or research.
Naturopathy's contribution to the formal, published body of medical research is limited because almost all of its practitioners are individuals, without the benefit of teaching hospitals, numerous clinics, or other study centers in which pure research-endowed privately or by government -- can be conducted. Naturopathy's research is confined primarily to monographs printed in its professional publications or delivered orally at its conventions and other educational meetings.
Many naturopathic physicians feel that their profession's principles are still untried by the larger body of allopathic medicine, hence various naturopathic principles which are centuries old could still be considered "new" to the contemporary practitioner who has yet to utilize them in the late 20th century.
2. New techniques
Essentially, the answer to D. 1. above applies to this question, save that naturopathic undergraduate and postgraduate teaching and seminar curricula embrace every new concept, technique, medication, and instrument which becomes known to the healing arts generally (and which is within legal limitations upon naturopathic practice).
3. New approaches to health
Here it can be held without contradiction that naturopathy has led the way in the fields of nutrition, dietetics, metabolic chemistry, and in some areas of hydro- and physiotherapy. For example, long established naturopathic principles were given national esteem 25 years ago through the "Sister Kenny treatment" for poliomyelitis. Naturopathy's manipulative techniques have been substantially emulated by chiropractic. Naturopaths and their 19th-century forebears were the first to recognize validity in the hypnosis thesis of Paracelsus, Cagliostro, von Helmont, Mesmer, and Braid. Naturopaths, in Freud's professional infancy, were already attuned to the value of psychotherapy.
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