Monday, May 11, 2009

FACIAL DIAGNOSIS


 
The art of facial diagnosis is one of the most highly prized qualities a person may
develop for themselves. I will be spending some time going into giving you the fundamentals and practice of facial diagnosis over the next few years.

The main reason for learning the art of facial diagnosis is self-knowledge, for as you learn to know how to read your face you will become more and more confident about knowing what is going on inside your body. Furthermore, the knowledge you gain will teach you how to see problems arising well before there is any possibility of your body coming into crisis.

It cannot be overemphasized enough that modern scientific medicine is the medicine of crisis, at the center of a culture in crisis. When you go see the doctor you are usually in some kind of medical crisis. The reason being you do not know how to read what your body has been telling you for months and even years in advance of the crisis actually occurring. So, by the time you get to see the doctor, all that can be done is to give you massively powerful drugs or surgery which are designed to deal with the symptoms and hope that your body gets through the crisis so that it can "heal itself".

The approach of modern scientific medicine, in essence, is to pour gasoline on the flames of your illness in the hopes of dousing the flames. It would therefore be a matter of pure chance whether or not your body survives the assault of these powerful drugs and other invasive techniques if were not for the incredible healing resources that are "designed" into the dynamics of the internal organs and tissues.

Whereas the macrobiotic art of facial diagnosis is the subtle science and accurate art of learning how to read your face so that you can tell, early on, when any organ is becoming "out-of-balance" or "stagnated", and take the necessary steps to alleviate the burdened or "stagnated" organ and its related tissue.

The basis of facial diagnosis is the human organism, divided into the head and the body, is seen as the head being a compacted, condensed, more yang expression of the body, and the body is seen as an expanded, soft, more yin expression of the head.

The head, in this scenario, is seen as being constructed of the lower limbs forming the lower jaw, the upper limbs the upper jaw and the rib cage forms the skull, with all the internal organs expressed as nervous tissue inside the skull, as brain tissue. And the condition of the internal organs is seen as expressed in the face as a inverse mirror image of their location in the body. The following diagram illustrates the principle:

 

 

Taking this principle and applying it in more detail to the face is shown in the following diagram:

 

Thus we have a 'topography' of the internal organs of the body mapped on the face. There are a couple of areas on the face that need to be mapped out which are not shown in the above diagram. First, you will notice on the skin of the forehead of every human being some horizontal lines, usually between three and seven. These are normal. However, if they stand out prominently so as to be noticeable, this is an indication that the organs associated with this area are too expanded, that is, too yin.

The organs "mapped" on the the forehead are illustrated in the following diagram:

 

 

 

Another area we need to look at is around the mouth, as in this illustration:

 

On the face of women, the purple crosses mark a spot on either side of the mouth where an imaginary line drawn out from the corners of the mouth to where the line etched on every human face which goes from the sides of the nose around and down in a semicircle to end approximately level with lips (the black lines in the diagram). This spot shows the condition of the ovaries, the right side of the face the right ovary and the left side, the left ovary.

The area inside the red line shows various aspects of the uro-genital system, with the word Prostate showing where you look for signs of prostate dysfunction.

This is a good place to pause until the next update (if you are a regular visitor to "The Alchemycal Pages" you will know updates occur approximately every 3 months). These next three months what you do is observe people's faces very closely but you only concentrate on ONE feature at a time.

From now until September, choose one feature of the human face - say the nose this next 2 weeks, and just do nothing but look at noses. Observe the nose of many different people over the course of the 2 weeks, taking notes on the size and shape and whether it is bent up or curved down, is it long or short, flat on the face or prominent, is it clearly featured on the face or does it seem to blend in to the face, does it have any blemishes, spots, discolorations, what colors if discolored, are there any swellings, does it appear swollen generally, and if not, where is the swelling? Carry a notebook with you devoted to the study of the human face, for you can do your observations anywhere - on the bus, train and subway, in the cafe, sitting in the park, taking up a suitable vantage on a street corner or market square or while strolling down the street. Jot down all your observations, make sketches and notes, noting every detail, the date and time of day and weather patterns the day you make the observations, and whether they are of a man or woman, and whether of a child, teenager, adult, middle-aged or elderly person.

Do similar detailed obervations on the cheeks, upper lips, lower lips, beneath the eyes, the eyes, the eyelids, between the eyes, the forehead and the temples. Also do a study of ears.. If you spend two weeks on each that will be in time for the next update.

At this point do NOT try and figure out what it all means, simply observe and let the facts you observe speak to you, and we will continue our studies next time.

Before going into more detail on facial diagnosis a problem arises when we are determining how we should eat in terms of yin and yang. The problem is that we may have a yin constitution or body-type and a yang condition and vice-versa. For if we have a yin condition then we need to eat more yang to balance the condition, but if we also have a yang constitution then we need to eat more yin to balance the constitution. How do we solve this dilemma? This will be addressed next in the discussion on how to diagnose our constitution or body-type.

Colour of your skin linked to nicotine dependence


The colour of your skin and nicotine dependence could be linked, according to latest research.

Smokers with higher concentrations of melanin - the colouring pigment - in their skin and hair may be at an increased risk of nicotine dependence and related carcinogens than lighter skinned smokers.

"We have found that the concentration of melanin is directly related to the number of cigarettes smoked daily, levels of nicotine dependence and nicotine exposure among African Americans," said Gary King, professor of bio-behavioural health at Penn State University.

King states that previous research shows that nicotine has a bio-chemical affinity for melanin. Conceivably, this association could result in an accumulation of the addictive agent in melanin-containing tissues of smokers with greater amounts of skin pigmentation.

"The point of the study is that if in fact nicotine does bind to melanin, populations with high levels of melanin could indicate certain types of smoking behaviour, dependence, and health outcomes that will be different from those in less pigmented populations," explained King.

These findings are based on a survey of 150 adult African American smokers from three sites in inner city Harrisburg during summer 2007, said a Penn State University release.

Participants provided researchers with the average number of cigarettes smoked each day and answered a questionnaire that measured nicotine dependence.

The team's findings will appear in the June issue of the journal Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behaviour.

Friday, May 8, 2009

RATIONAL FASTING


Regeneration Diet
And Natural Cure
For All Diseases

By A R N O L D E H R E T

Translated from the German

Synopsis of Contents:
I. The common Fundamental Cause in the Disease
II Remedies for the Removal of the Common Fundamental
Cause of Diseases and the Prevention of their
Reoccurrence.
III. The Fundamental Cause of Growing Old and Ugly, of
the Falling Out and Getting Gray of the Hair.
IV. The Death.

1. The Common Fundamental Cause in the
Nature of Diseases

All the phases of the process of development of the
medical science, including those of the earliest periods of
civilization, have in their way of understanding the causal
nature of diseases that one thing in common that the
diseases, owing to external causes, enter into the human
body and thus, by force of a necessary or at least
unavoidable law, disturb it in its existence, cause it pain
and at last destroy it. Even modern medical science, no
matter how scientifically enlightened it pretends to be, has
not quite turned away from this basic note of demoniac
interpretation. In fact, the most modern achievement,
bacteriology, rejoices over every newly discovered bacillus
as a further addition to the army of beings whose accepted
task it is to endanger the life of man.
Looking at it from a philosophical standpoint, this
interpretation differs from the mediaeval superstition and
the period of fetishism only in the supplemental name.
Formerly it was an “evil spirit,” which imagination went so
far as to believe in “satanic personages;” now this same
dangerous monster is a microscopically visible being
whose existence has been proven beyond any doubt.
The matter, it is true, has still a great drawback in the
so-called “disposition”—a fine word!—but what we really
are to understand by it, nobody has ever told us. All the
tests on animals, with their symptom-reactions, do not
prove anything sure, because these occur only by means of
injection into the blood-circulation and never by
introduction into the digestive channel through the mouth.
There is something true in the conception of “external
invasion” of a disease, as well as in heredity, however not
in the sense that the invader is a spirit (demon) hostile to
life, or a microscopic being (bacillus); but all diseases
without exception, even the hereditary, are caused—
disregarding a few other unhygienic causes—by
biologically wrong, “unnatural” food and by each ounce of
over-nourishment, only and exclusively.
First of all I maintain that in all diseases without
exception there exists a tendency by the organism to secrete
mucus, and in case of a more advanced stage—pus
(decomposed blood). Of course every healthy organism
must also contain a certain mucus—lymph, a fatty
substance of the bowels, etc., of a mucus nature.) Every
expert will admit this in all catarrhalic cases, from a
harmless cold in the nose to inflammation of the lungs and
consumption, as well as in epilepsy (attacks showing froth
at the mouth, mucus). Where this secretion of mucus does
not show freely and openly, as in cases of ear, eye, skin or
stomach trouble, heart diseases, rheumatism, gout, etc.,
even in all degrees of insanity, is mucus the main factor of
the illness, the natural secretive-organs not being able to
cope with it any longer, the mucus entering the blood and
causing at the respective spot where the vessel-system is
probably contracted owing to an over-cooling (cold), etc.,
heat, inflammation, pain, fever.
We need only to give a patient of any-kind nothing but
“mucusless” food, for instance fruit or even nothing but
water or lemonade: we then find that the entire digestive
energy, freed for the first time, throws itself upon the
mucus-matters, accumulated since childhood and
frequently hardened, as well as on the “pathologic beds”
formed therefrom. And the result? With unconditional
certainty this mucus which I mark as the common basic and
main cause of all diseases will appear in the urine and in
the excrements. If the disease is already somewhat
advanced so that in some spot, even in the innermost
interior, there have appeared pathologic beds, i.e.
decomposed cellular tissues, then pus is also being
secreted. As soon as the introduction of mucus by means of
“artificial food,” fat meat, bread, potatoes, farinaceous
products, rice milk, etc., ceases, the blood-circulation
attacks the mucus and the pus of the body themselves and
secretes them through the urine, and in the case of heavily
infected bodies, even through all the openings at their
command as well as through the mucus membranes.
If potatoes, grain-meal, rice or the respective meatmaterials
are being boiled long enough, we receive a jellylike
slime (mucus) or paste used by bookbinders and
carpenters. This mucus substance soon becomes sour,
ferments, and forms a bed for fungi, moulds and bacilli. In
the digestion, which is nothing else but a boiling, a
combustion, this slime or paste is being secreted in the
same manner, for the blood can use only the ex-digested
sugar transformed from starch. The secreted matter, the
superfluous product, i.e., this paste or slime is a foreign
matter to the body and is being completely excreted in the
beginning. It is, therefore, easy to understand that in the
course of life the intestines and the stomach are gradually
being pasted and slimed up to such an extent that this paste
of floral and this slime of faunal origin turn into
fermentation, clog up the blood-vessels and finally
decompose the stagnating blood. If figs, dates or grapes are
boiled down thick enough we also receive a pap which,
however, does not turn to fermentation and never secretes
slime, and which nobody calls slime, but which is called
syrup. Fruit-sugar, the most important thing for the blood,
is also sticky, it is true, but is being completely used up by
the body as the highest form of fuel, and leaves for
excretion only traces of cellulose, which, not being sticky,
is promptly excreted and does not ferment. Boiled-down
sugar, owing to its resistance against fermentation, is even
used for the preservation of food.

Each healthy or sick person deposits on the tongue a
stinking mucus as soon as he reduces his food or fasts. This
occurs also on the mucous membrane of the stomach, of
which the tongue is an exact copy. In the first stool after the
fasting this mucus makes its appearance.
I recommend to the physicians and searchers to test my
claims by way of experiments which alone are entitled to
real scientific recognition. The experiment, the question put
to nature, is the basis of all natural science and reveals the
infallible truth, no matter whether it is stated by me or
somebody else. Furthermore, I recommend to those who
are brave enough to test on their own bodies the following
experiments which I undertook on mine. They will receive
the same answer from nature, i. e., from their organism,
provided that the latter be sound in my sense. “Exact” to a
certain degree reacts only the clean sound, mucusless
organism. After a two years' strict fruit-diet with
intercalated fasting cures, I had attained a degree of health
which is simply not imaginable nowadays and which
allowed of my making the following experiments:
With a knife I made an incision in my lower arm; there
was no flow of blood as it thickened instantaneously;
closing up of the wound, no inflammation, no pain, no
mucus and pus: healed up in three days, blood-crust thrown
off. Later, with vegetaric, food including mucus-formants
(starch food), but without eggs and milk: the wound bled a
little, caused some pain and pussed slightly, a light
inflammation, complete healing only after some time. After
that the same wounding, with meat-food and some alcohol:
longer bleeding, the blood of a light color, red and thin,
inflammation, pain, pussing for several days, and healing
only after a two days' fasting.
I have offered myself, of course in vain, to the Prussian
Ministry of War for a repetition of this experiment. Why is
it that the wounds of the Japanese healed much quicker and
better in the Russo-Japanese war as those of the “Meat and
Brandy Russians?” Has nobody for 2,000 years ever
thought it over why the opening of the artery and even the
poison cup could not kill Seneca, after he had despised
meat and fasted in the prison? It is said that even before
that Seneca fed on nothing but fruit and water.
All disease is finally nothing else but a clogging up of
the smallest blood vessels, the capillaries, by mucus.
Nobody will want to clean the water-conduit of a city, a
pipe-system, which is fed with soiled water by a pump, the
filters of which are clogged up, without having the watersupply
shut off during the cleaning process. If the conduit
supplies the entire city or a portion of it with unclean water,
or if even the smallest branch-pipes are clogged up, there is
no man in the world who would repair or improve that
respective spot; everybody thinks at once of the central, of
the tank and the filters, and these together with the
pumping machine can be cleaned only as long as the water
supply is shut off.
“I am the Lord, thy physician”—English and modern:
nature alone heals, cleans, “unmucuses” best and infallibly
sure, but only if the supply or at least the mucus supply is
stopped. Each “physiological machine,” man like beast,
cleanses itself immediately, dissolves the mucus in the
clogged-up vessels, without stopping short, as soon as the
supply, of compact food at least, is interrupted. Even in the
case of the supposedly healthiest man this mucus, as
already mentioned then appears in the urine where it can be
seen after cooling off in the proper glass tubes! Whoever
denies, ignores or fights this uniform fact, because,
perhaps, it goes against him or is not scientific enough for
him, is jointly guilty of the impossibility of the detection of
the principal cause of all diseases, and this, in the first
place, to his own detriment.
Therewith I also uncover the last secret of
consumption. Or does anybody believe that this enormous
quantity of mucus thrown off by a patient stricken with
tuberculosis for years and years, emanates only from the
lung itself? Just because this patient is then almost forcibly
fed on “mucus” (pap, milk, fat meats) the mucus can never
cease, until the lung itself decays and the “bacilli” make
their appearance, when death becomes inevitable. The
mystery of the bacilli is solved simply thus: The gradual
clogging up by mucus of the blood vessels leads to
decomposition, to fermentation of these mucus products
and “boiled-dead” food - residues. These decay partially on
the living body (pussy abscesses, cancer, tuberculosis,
syphilis, lupus, etc.). Now, everybody knows that meat,
cheese and all organic matter will again “germinate, put
forth bacilli” during the process of decomposition. It is for
this reason that these germs appear and are detectable only
in the more advanced stage of the disease, when, however,
they are not the cause but the product of the disease, and
disease-furthering only in so far as the decomposition, for
instance of the lung, is being hastened by them, because the
excretions of the bacilli, their toxines. act poisoning. If it be
correct that bacilli invade, “infect” from the exterior, then it
is nothing but the mucus which makes possible their
activity, and furnishes the proper soil, the “disposition.”
As already said, I have repeatedly (once for two years)
lived mucusless, i.e., on fruit exclusively. I was no longer
in need of a handkerchief which product of civilization I
hardly need even up to this day. Has anyone ever seen a
healthy animal, living in freedom, to expectorate or to blow
its nose? A chronic inflammation of the kidneys,
considered deadly, which I was stricken with, was not only
healed, but I am enjoying a degree of health and efficiency
which by far surpasses even that of my healthiest youth. I
want to see the man who, being sick to death at 31, can run
without a stop for two hours and a quarter, or make an
endurance march of 56 hours' duration—eight years later.
With this “mucus theory,” well confirmed by my
numerous experiments, there is for the first time put up a
thorough, aetiologic, i.e., a cause—defining uniform
conception of all diseases. If naturopathy here and there
mentions certain affections of the blood as being the
fundamental cause of all disease, this theory has proved
insufficient because the food had been prescribed to be
meatless or its contents of meat greatly reduced, at the
same time, however, introducing so much the more mucus
by means of bread, pap, milk, butter, eggs, cheese and
farinaceous stuffs, especially starch food. That is the reason
why most of the vegetarians in spite of their lauded bill of
fare, are not healthy just the same. I myself was such a
much—and mucus-eater for several years. If a considerable
number of the vegetarians does not soon advance towards
the only natural food, the fruit diet, or at least returns to
eating little, there will be great danger of the shallowingdown
of vegetarianism; not because the principle of “no
meat eating” is bad, but because the healthful effects of the
existing vegetaric nourishment are so inferior. The
representatives of the vegetarian movement are still trying
to prove what man is in need-of as regards boiled meals,
because they themselves as well as all the amateurs in this
field have a fundamentally wrong conception of the fruit
diet as a healing remedy, and go at it in a wrong way. The
hobby of the vegetaric propaganda is the argument that
man is not a carnivore and that, therefore, the eating of
meat is unnatural. With perfect right says the opponent that
the eating of meat is just as “natural” as that of bread,
cabbage, milk, cheese, etc. Professor V. Bunge has
reproached the vegetarians for inconsequence more than a
decade ago, and he is right.

It is surely theoretically correct that man was a mere
fruit eater in times gone by, and biologically correct, that he
can be it even to-day. Or can the horse-sense of man not
conceive, without any proofs and directly, of the fact that
man, before becoming a hunter, lived on fruits only? I even
maintain that he did live in absolute health, beauty and
strength, without pain and grief, just the way the Bible
says. Fruit only, the sole “mucus-less” food, is natural.
Everything prepared by man or supposedly improved by
him is evil. The arguments regarding fruit are scientifically
exact; in an apple or a banana, for instance, is everything
contained what man needs. Man is so perfect that he can
live on one kind of fruit only, at least for quite some time.
This, however, need not necessarily be cocoanut
(Kabakon). But a self-evident truth preached by nature
must not be discarded just because nobody has been able to
apply it in practice on account of civilizational
considerations. From fruit only one becomes first of all ill,
i.e. cleansed; this cleansing process, however, is better to
undergo at home and not in the tropics. No man would have
ever believed me that it is possible to live without food for
126 days, in which 49 at a stretch, during 14 months. Now I
have done it, and yet this truth is not being understood.
Hitherto I say and teach only that fruit is the most natural
“healing remedy.” Whether my calculation is correct will
be proven by the next epidemic. I take, however, this
opportunity to uncover the reasons why the self-evident is
not believed in. When in the previous century somebody
talked about telephoning from Berlin to Paris, everybody
laughed, because there had never been such a thing. Natural
food is not being believed in any more, because almost
nobody practices it and, being a man of civilization, cannot
easily practice it. It must also be considered that contrainterests
fear that the prices of the other, artificial foodstuffs
may drop, and others fear that the food-physiology
may receive a shock and the physicians become
unnecessary. But it is just this fasting and fruit cure which
requires very strict observation and instruction—therefore:
more doctors and less patients who, however, will gladly
pay more if they get well. Thus the social question
regarding doctors is solved—assertion already made by me
publicly in Zurich several years ago.

Almost all fasting attempts fail on account of the
ignorance of the fact that with the beginning of mucusless
diet the old mucus is being excreted so much more forcibly
until that person is absolutely clean and healthy. Thus the
seemingly most healthy person has first to pass through a
condition of sickness (cleansing), or to go through an
intermediate stage of illness to a higher level of health.
This is the great cliff around which so very few
vegetarians have failed to go, discarding the highest truth
just like the mass of people is doing. I have proven this
here in the “Vegetarische Warte” competently on the basis
of experiments and facts, and refuted the greatest objection,
that of under-nourishment, by an actual fasting experiment
of 49 days with preceding fruit diet. My state of health was
only improved by this radical excretion of mucus,
disregarding a few unhygienic circumstances during the
test. I received numerous letters of appreciation, especially
from the educated classes. The mass of the adherents of
vegetarianism “mucuses” gaily ahead. Vegetarianism has to
show representatives of both sexes who do not differ by
anything from Munich beer-stomachs: a consequence of the
daily stuffing up with “mucus-food” of all kinds.


Contrasting herewith it can only be said that the poisons
(so-called by them): meat, alcohol, coffee and tobacco are
in the long run comparatively harmless, as long as they are
used moderately.
In order to avoid misunderstanding on the part of
teetotalers and vegetarians, I must insert here a few
explanations. Meat is not a foodstuff but only a stimulant
which ferments, decays in the stomach ; the process of
decay, however, does not begin in the stomach but at once
after the slaughtering. This has already been proven on
living persons by Prof. Dr. S. Graham, and I complete this
fact by saying that meat acts as a stimulant just by means of
these poisons of decay, and therefore is being regarded as a
strengthening foodstuff. Or is there anyone who can show
me chemico-physiologically that the albumen molecule
going through the process of decay is being newly
reformed in the stomach and celebrates its resurrection in
some muscle of the human body? Exactly like alcohol, the
meat acts in the beginning delusively as if stimulating
strength and energy, until the entire organism is penetrated
by it and the break-down inevitable. All the other
stimulants act likewise.


The fundamental evil of all non-vegetaric forms of diet
consists always in the overeating of meat, as it is the origin
of all the other evils, especially of the craving for alcohol.
If fruit is eaten almost exclusively, the eagerness for cup or
glass loses itself to chastise himself against it, simply
because meat produces the demon thirst. Alcohol is a
proven kind of antidote for meat, and the gourmand of the
big city, who eats almost nothing but meat, must therefore
have wines, Mocha and Havana, in order to at least in some
way counteract the heavy meat-poisoning. It is a wellknown
fact that, after an opulent dinner, one feels
decidedly fresher, physically and mentally, if the
stimulants, poisonous in themselves, are taken moderately,
than to stuff one's self full with the good eating to the very
fatigue.


I absolutely declare war on meat and alcohol; through
fruit and moderate eating these great evils are radically
diminished. But whoever finds it impossible to entirely
give up meat and alcohol is, if he takes them moderately,
still far ahead of the vegetaric much-eater. The American
Fletcher proves this most evidently by his tremendous
success, and his secret is explained by my experiments
which show that a person becomes most efficient and
develops best in his health if he eats as little as possible.
Are not the oldest people as a rule the poorest? Have not
the greatest discoverers and inventors sprung from poverty,
i.e., been little eaters? Were not the greatest of mankind,
the prophets, founders of religions, etc., ascetics? Is that
culture, to live in Berlin, dining excellently thrice a day,
and is that social progress that each working man eats five
times a day and then pumps himself full with beer at night?
If the sick organism can regenerate by eating nothing, I
think the logical consequences is that a healthy organism
needs but little food in order to remain healthy, strong and
persevering.

All so-called miracles of the saints have their only
origin in ascetics, and are to-day impossible but for the
reason that, although much praying is done, no fasting is
adhered to. This is the only solution of this quarrel. We
have no more miracles because we have no more saints,
i.e., sanctified and healed by ascetics and fastings. The
saints were self-shining, expressed in modern language:
medial or radioactive, but only because through ascetics
they were “godly” healthy, and not “by special grace.” I
just wish to mention here that I myself have succeeded in
visible, electric effluences, but only by external and internal
sun-energies- (sun-baths and food from the “sun-kitchen,”
fruit.)

The entire world is quarreling now regarding these
questions and miracles. And here is the solution on the
basis of experiments which everybody can repeat if he is
brave enough. But it is apparently easier to write books,
preach and pray, or to say that I am an exception. This is
true, but only as far as pluck and understanding are
concerned. Physiologically all men are equal, and whoever
cannot be moderate may learn it from me if he wishes to be
a real searcher. If a man eats little and is healthy he can
digest for quite a length of time the most absurd food, meat
and starch (mucus), i.e., he can again excrete it; naturally,
he becomes and remains still more perfect and clean if he
eats but little fruit, and of this he needs the least because it
is the most perfect food. This eternal truth by natural law
man of today will and cannot admit, and has a wellfounded
fear of it, because he is built up of dead-boiled
food and his cells die off and are excreted as soon as he
takes sun-baths, fasts or eats the living cells of fruit. But
this cure must be done with the greatest care. Medicine has,
as long as this is possible, to protect man from a breakdown
of his cells, to hold him above water, only to make him
then die of the disease so much more promptly and quickly,
which to-day is fervently wished for. Vegetarianism cannot
deny that the consumers of meat and alcohol can also boast
of much health and great deeds and high age, but taken
individually and as a people, only so long as but little is
eaten and no over-nourishment caused. The “too much”
takes less revenge in case of meat-eating because meat
contains proportionally less “mucus” than the starchcontaining,
i.e. “mucus” vegetaric food and the celebrated
vegetaric dinners with so and so many dishes daily. I
myself have not cared for many years for any meals; I eat
only when I have appetite and then so little that it does not
cause any harmful effect, if, on account of an experiment, I
am obliged to eat something which in itself is not entirely
free from objection.

If the most serious diseases can be cured by fasting—
which has been proven in thousands of cases—and if by
this way of living one gets even stronger “if it is done
right,” then the most energetic food, the fruit, should cause
one so much the more to become strong and healthy. This
has been also scientifically proven by the merited Dr.
Bircher. It is true, the science of cure by nature has
recognized the fact that something must get out of the sick
organism, but it has so far ascribed the greatest importance
to physical stimulations and ignored entirely the real
natural moment of the process of cure; the abstaining from
food and the fruit-diet, or at least only tried to substitute it
by an alcohol and meatless diet. This does not mean much
in the face of my “mucus-theory.” And what is this
mucusless alcohol not accused of to-day! It will soon be
made the scape-goat of all diseases, because here and there
is found a depraved one who, consuming it in enormous
quantities, ends in delirium. Just compel a drinker to fast a
few days or to eat nothing but fruit—I can bet that the best
glass of beer will have lost its taste for him. This shows thatthe entire “civilized” mess, from beefsteak down to the
apparently harmless oatmeals, creates the desire for these
detested antidotes: alcohol, coffee, tea, tobacco. Why?
Because much-eating paralyzes and only the use of
stimulants restores.

Here is the true and fundamental reason for the
increase of alcohol consumption: the over-nourishment,
especially with meat. Prof. Dr. Graham says in his
“Physiology of Nourishment”; “A drinker can reach a high
age, a glutton never.” This is true, because the acute
alcohol acting as a stimulant, especially the modern beer, is
less harmful in the long run than the chronic stuffing-up of
the digestive channel with mucus food.

I now ask: what appeals more to reason—to wipe out
the masses of mucus, piled up since childhood and having
infected the cellular tissues of the body right there
(symptoms of illness), by sweating, baths, artificial cold
(kneipp cures), massage, sport, etc., at the expense of
vitality (especially of the heart) and the duration of life . . .
or simply to stop the further supply of mucus? Or is there
anybody who wants to prove to me that even the best chef
or confectioner is capable of producing something better
than an apple, a grape or banana? If nourishment by mucus
and over-eating is the true fundamental cause of all
diseases without exception, which I can prove to anybody
on his own body, then there can exist but one natural
remedy, i.e., fasting and fruit-diet. That every animal fasts
in case of even the slightest uneasiness, is a well-known
fact and to culture and thanks to man feeding them, have
lost their sharp instinct for the right kind of food and the
natural hours of feeding—and therewith their proper state
of health and acuteness of sense,—they will nevertheless,
when sick, accept only the most necessary food; they fast
themselves back to health. Poor, sick man, however, must
under no circumstances live on short rations for more than
1 or 2 days, for fear that he may “lose strength.”
Already have physicians called the fasting: wonder
cures, cure of the uncured, cure of all cures, etc. Certain
charlatans have brought this infallible, but at the same time
dangerous cure, to discredit. I have done in fasting the most
significant thing in centuries: 49 days, world-record (see
“Vegetarische Warte,” 1909, book 19, 20, 22, 1910, book 1
and 2). Furthermore I am the only one who combines this
cure with systematically and individually adapted fruit-diet,
which makes it astonishingly easier and absolutely
harmless. We are, therefore, undoubtedly put in a position
to heal diseases which the school-medicine designates as
incurable. On the basis of my detection that this mucus
coming from cultured food, is the fundamental cause and
main factor in the nature of all diseases, symptoms of age,
obesity, falling out of the hair, wrinkles, weakness of
nerves and memory, etc., there is justified hope for the
creation of a new phase of development of the progressive
healing methods and biological medicine.

Already Hippokrates had uniformly recognized the
“disease-material” for all diseases. Prof. Jäger has defined
the “Common” as “Stench,” but not discovered the source
of this “bad smell.” Dr. Lahmann and other representatives
of the physical-dietetic tendency, especially Kuhne, came
on to the tracks of this “common foreign matter.” But all of
them did not show, recognize or prove by experiment that it
is just this mucus of culture-food, which loads up our
organism from very childhood, and attacks it at a certain
degree of fermentations forms pathologic beds, i.e.,
decomposes the cellular tissue of the body itself into pus
and decay. It is being mobilized in case of casual colds or
high temperatures, etc., and produces, in its tendency to
leave the body, symptoms of abnormal functions which
hitherto have been regarded as the disease itself. It is,
therefore, for the first time possible to define what is meant
by “disposition.” The more the “mucus” (bad mother's milk
and all its substitutes) is being administered from childhood
on, or the less this mucus is being excreted, owing to
hereditary weakness, through the organs made to perform
this task, the greater is the inclination to catch cold, fever,
to freeze, to admit parasites, to get sick and to grow old.
Very likely by this the veil has been lifted from the secret
which hitherto has always surrounded the nature of the
white-corpuscles. I believe, that here, as in many other
cases, we have to do with an error of the medical science.
The bacteria throw themselves upon the white largest
extent of this mucus denounced by me. Are not the bacteria
being bred on this mucus by the millions outside of the
organism?—on potatoes, broth, gelatine, i.e., on mucus,
i.e., nitrogenous, vegetable or animal substances consisting
of an alcalically reacting fluid containing granulated cells
of the appearance of the white blood-corpuscles! Perhaps in
an entirely healthy condition the so-called mucus
membrane should not at all be white, slimy, but clean and
red like on animals. Perhaps this “corpse-mucus” is even
the cause of the paleness of the white race? Paleface!
Corpsecolor!
With this “mucus-theory” to be confirmed by
experiment the spectre “disease” has been finally deprived
of its demoniac mask. He who believes me can heal not
only himself, if everything else fails, but we have for the
first time been given the means to radically prevent disease
and to make it definitively impossible. Even the dream of
lasting youth and beauty is now about to become true.
The animal, and especially the human organism is,
from a mechanical standpoint, a complicated tube-system
of blood-vessels with air-gas impetus by means of the lungs
in which the blood-fluid is constantly kept moving and
regulated by the heart as a valve. The decomposition of the
air-gas is accomplished by each breath in the lungs
(separating of the air into oxygen and nitrogen): thus the
blood is constantly kept moving and the human body does
its service incredibly long without fatigue. Let nobody
come to me with the silly excuse of the “daily experience
of the absolutely natural compulsion of much-eating,”
prescribed for working man, etc., before it has not been
experienced by such complainant, how long it is possible to
work or march, without fatigue, after fasting or fruit-food.
Fatigue is in the first place a reducing of strength by too
much digestion-work, secondly a clogging-up of the heated
and consequently narrowed-down blood-vessels, and
thirdly a “self- and re-poisoning” through the excretion of
mucus during the motion. All organic substances of animal
origin excrete cyan groupes in their decomposition, which
the Chemist Hensel has defined as bacilli proper. The air is
not only the highest and most perfect operating material of
the human body, but simultaneously the first element for
the erection, repair, substitute, and very likely, the animal
organism derives nitrogen also from the air. On certain
caterpillars an increase of weight through air alone has
been stated.

Thursday, May 7, 2009

Genes that mediate breast cancer metastasis to the brain

Paula D. Bos1, Xiang H.-F. Zhang1, Cristina Nadal1,7, Weiping Shu1, Roger R. Gomis1,7, Don X. Nguyen1, Andy J. Minn2, Marc J. van de Vijver3, William L. Gerald4, John A. Foekens5 & Joan Massagué1,6

Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10021, USA
Department of Radiation and Cellular Oncology, and Ludwig Center for Metastasis Research, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
Department of Pathology, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10021, USA
Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, Josephine Nefkens Institute and Cancer Genomics Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland 20185, USA
Present addresses: Institut de Malalties Hemato-Oncològiques, Hospital Clínic, 08036 Barcelona, Spain (C.N.); Oncology Programme, Institute for Research in Biomedicine, 08028 Barcelona, Spain (R.R.G.).
Correspondence to: Joan Massagué1,6 Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to J.M. (Email: j-massague@ski.mskcc.org).

The molecular basis for breast cancer metastasis to the brain is largely unknown1, 2. Brain relapse typically occurs years after the removal of a breast tumour2, 3, 4, suggesting that disseminated cancer cells must acquire specialized functions to take over this organ. Here we show that breast cancer metastasis to the brain involves mediators of extravasation through non-fenestrated capillaries, complemented by specific enhancers of blood–brain barrier crossing and brain colonization. We isolated cells that preferentially infiltrate the brain from patients with advanced disease. Gene expression analysis of these cells and of clinical samples, coupled with functional analysis, identified the cyclooxygenase COX2 (also known as PTGS2), the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) ligand HBEGF, and the 2,6-sialyltransferase ST6GALNAC5 as mediators of cancer cell passage through the blood–brain barrier. EGFR ligands and COX2 were previously linked to breast cancer infiltration of the lungs, but not the bones or liver5, 6, suggesting a sharing of these mediators in cerebral and pulmonary metastases. In contrast, ST6GALNAC5 specifically mediates brain metastasis. Normally restricted to the brain7, the expression of ST6GALNAC5 in breast cancer cells enhances their adhesion to brain endothelial cells and their passage through the blood–brain barrier. This co-option of a brain sialyltransferase highlights the role of cell-surface glycosylation in organ-specific metastatic interactions.

Medicinal Plants


 Hibiscus ( Hibiscus rosa-sinensis , Family:  Malvaceae) acts as an antiseptic, aphrodisiac, astringent, cholagogue, demulcent, digestive, diuretic, emollient, purgative, refrigerant, resolvent, sedative, stomachic and tonic.  All the parts of Hibiscus plant are useful medicinally.  Hibiscus leaves are emollient, diuretic, refrigerant and sedative.  Leaves, seeds, and mature calyces exhibit diuretic and antiscorbutic properties.  Succulent calyx, boiled in water, is used as a drink in bilious problems.   Fruits act as  antiscorbutic.   Bitter roots are used as aperitive and tonic.  Mucilaginous leaves can be used as an emollient and as a soothing cough remedy.  Hibiscus leaves make excellent shampoo.  Flower extract has been used in many folk remedies for liver disorders, high blood pressure and as aphrodisiac. Hibiscus relieves stomach problems, sweetens breath and soothes nerves. An extract of the hibiscus flowers lower cholesterol content in blood serum and helps to prevent oxidation of LDL (bad cholesterol).  Daily uptake of Hibiscus tea  is useful for reducing high blood pressure.
         

Tuesday, May 5, 2009

EVOLUTION OF MEDICINE

  •  2650 BC Egypt The Egyptian healer Imhotep is the first to attempt to find nonreligious causes of disease.

  • 2650 BC China Chinese emperor Huang Di begins the canon of internal medicine, with the text Nei Jing/Inner Canon of Medicine, which balances ideas of yin and yang.Most subsequent Chinese medical literature is founded on it. There is some evidence, however, suggesting that the Nei Jing may actually date from only the 3rd century BC.

  • 2500 BC China The practice of acupuncture is developed in China.

  • 1600 BC Egypt The Edwin Smith papyrus is written. The first medical book, it contains clinical descriptions of the examination, diagnosis, and treatment of injuries, and reveals an accurate understanding of the workings of the heart, stomach, bowels, and larger blood vessels. The papyrus is named after US scientist Edwin Smith, a pioneer in the study of Egyptian science who acquired it in Luxor, Egypt, in 1862.

  • 285 BC Egypt Ptolemaic Kingdom Herophilus, an anatomist working at Alexandria, dissects human bodies and compares them with large mammals. He distinguishes the cerebrum and cerebellum, establishes the brain as the seat of thought, writes treatises on the human eye and on general anatomy, and writes a handbook for midwives.

  • 255 BC China The doctrine of the pulse, which emphasizes feeling the pulse as the most important aspect of diagnosis, and that a healthy life is achieved by a balance of yin and yang, is introduced in China. It will be compiled into the Mo Jing in about AD 300 by Wang Shu-he.

  • 90 BC Rome The Roman scholar Marcus Terentius Varro writes that disease is caused by the entry of imperceptible particles into the body – the first enunciation of germ theory.

  • 400 Greece Roman Empire The Graeco-Roman physician Caelius Aurelianus is practisingHis De morbis acutis et chronicis/Concerning Acute and Chronic Illness, a guide to acute and chronic diseases, becomes a highly respected text in the Middle Ages.

  • 501 India The Indian medical manual Susruta is compiled. It becomes a standard text for Indian physicians.

  • 529 Italy St Benedict of Nurcia establishes the first Benedictine monastery and hospital at Monte Cassino, near Naples, Italy. The monastery will become a centre of medical knowledge throughout the Middle Ages.

  • 900 Europe Spices from the East Indies are introduced to Europe around this time. They are used principally for medicinal purposes.

  • 1163 France At the council of Tours in France, the Catholic Church issues an edict against the mutilation of dead bodies. Although primarily aimed at the stripping of crusaders' bones for transport back to Europe, it also affects medical research.

  • 1248 Egypt Spanish-born Muslim Al-Baytar, ‘chief of botanists’ in Cairo, Egypt, writes Kitab al-jami/Collection of Simple Drugs, which lists 1,400 different remedies and is the largest and most popular Arab pharmacopoeia.

  • 1472 Italy Italian physician Giovanni Matteo Ferrari, writes his Useful Repertory of the Precepts of Avicenna, a commentary on the work of the great 11th century Arab physician Avicenna.

  • 1478 Greece The De medicina/On Medicine of the Greek physician Galen is produced in print for the first time, giving new currency to his theories.

  • 1493 Europe Spain Syphilis appears in Europe for the first time, brought back from South America by sailors returning with the explorer Christopher Columbus. The disease is first reported in Barcelona, Spain.

  • 1500 Swiss Confederation Swiss doctor and sow gelder Jacob Nufer performs the first recorded Caesarean operation on a living woman, helping his wife to give birth safely.

  • 1531 Greece A rediscovered text by the classical Greek physician Galen, On Anatomical Procedures, is published for the first time.

  • 1546 Italy The Italian physician Girolamo Fracastoro publishes De contagione etcontagiosis morbis et curatione/On Contagion and the Cure of Contagious Disease, in which he describes typhus for the first time, and also proposes that diseases are spread through microscopic bodies.

  • 1676 England English physician Thomas Sydenham publishes Observationes medicae/Medical Observations, which will be a standard medical text for two centuries. In it, he analyses fevers and suggests cooling treatment for smallpox.

  • 1678 North America British colonist Thomas Thatcher publishes A Brief Rule... in Small Pocks or Measles, the first medical publication in North America.

  • 1717 UK Lady Mary Wortley Montagu writes Inoculation Against Smallpox, reporting the method of immunization known in the East for centuries and introducing the practice of inoculation for smallpox into England; the inoculation of the Princess of Wales makes it fashionable.

  • 1721 North America The first smallpox inoculations are performed in America by Dr Zabdiel Boylston in Boston, Massachusetts. Smallpox epidemics are a constant threat to colonial cities, and while some fear and mistrust the inoculation, most who have it administered survive.

  • 1763 England English clergyman Edmund Stone describes the effective treatment of fever using willow bark, from which the active ingredient of aspirin is later derived.

  • 1796 England English physician Edward Jenner performs the first vaccination against smallpox.

  • 1805 UK The British navy's success at Trafalgar is partly due to the fact that sailors have a regular ration of lime or lemon juice, which eradicates scurvy.

  • 1854 Ottoman Empire English nurse Florence Nightingale arrives in Scutari, Ottoman Empire, and introduces sanitary measures in an effort to reduce deaths from cholera, dysentery, and  typhus during the Crimean War.

  • 1858 UK The British physician Henry Gray publishes Anatomy of the Human Body, Descriptive and Surgical (Gray's Anatomy). It remains the standard text in anatomy for over 100 years.

  • 1860 UK English nurse Florence Nightingale establishes the Nightingale School for Nurses. The first nursing school in England, it establishes nursing as a profession for women.

  • 1863 France French parasitologist Casimir-Joseph Davaine shows that anthrax is due to the presence of rodlike micro-organisms in the blood. It is the first disease of animals and humans to be shown to be caused by a specific micro-organism.

  • 1874 Austria The Austrian surgeon Theodor Billroth develops the study of the bacterial causes of fever associated with wounds with the publication of Untersuchungen über die Vegetationsformen von Coccobacteria septica/Investigations of the Vegetal Forms of Coccobacteria septica.

  • 1881 Cuba Cuban physician Carlos Juan Finlay discovers that the mosquito Aëdes aegypti is the carrier of yellow fever. His results are published in 1886 but his experiments are ignored until 1900.

  • 1889 Germany German physiologists Oskar Minkowski and Joseph von Mering remove the pancreas from a dog, which then develops diabetic symptoms. It leads them to conclude that the pancreas secretes an antidiabetic substance, which is now known as insulin.

  • 1893 USA Canadian physician William Osler, US surgeons William Stewart Halsted and Howard Atwood Kelly, and US pathologist William Henry Welch establish Johns Hopkins Medical School in Baltimore, Maryland. Associated with Johns Hopkins Hospital, and created especially for teaching and research, it excels in clinical work and surgery, and sets an example that influences medical education in the USA.

  • 1898 Netherlands Martinus Willem Beijerinck identifies the first virus; it is the cause of tobacco mosaic disease.

  • 1900 USA US army pathologist Walter Reed establishes that yellow fever is caused by the bite of an Aëdes aegypti mosquito infected with the yellow fever parasite. His discovery leads to the creation of a vaccine and makes possible the completion of the Panama Canal.

  • 1903 Dutch physiologist Willem Einthoven invents the string galvanometer (electrocardiograph), which measures and records the tiny electrical impulses produced by contractions of the heart muscle. He uses it to diagnose different types of heart disease.

  • 1905 United Kingdom,Germany Aspirin, manufactured by the German pharmaceutical company Bayer AG, is introduced in Britain.

  • 1912 USA Polish-born US biochemist Casimir Funk isolates vitamin B1 (thiamine) and coins the name ‘vitamines’. This proves a vital discovery in the treatment of the disease beriberi, which is caused by a deficiency of the vitamin.

  • 1915 Germany The German company Bayer introduces aspirin in tablet form.

  • 1921 Canada Canadian physiologists Frederick Banting, Charles Best, and John James MacLeod isolate insulin. A diabetic patient in Toronto, Canada, receives the first insulin injection

  • 1927 USA Bellevue Hospital in New York City installs an electric respirator, a device designed to offset respiratory failure designed by Harvard University physicians Philip Drinker and Louis Shaw.

  • 1928 UK Scottish bacteriologist Alexander Fleming discovers penicillin when he notices that the mould Penicillium notatum, which has invaded a culture of staphylococci, inhibits the growth of the bacteria.

  • 1929 German psychiatrist Hans Berger invents the electroencephalograph, which measures and records brain wave patterns.

  • 1937 France The French microbiologist Max Theiler develops a vaccine against yellow fever; it is the first antiviral vaccine.

  • 1940 Australia, UK Australian pathologist Howard Florey and German-born British biochemist Ernst Chain develop penicillin, in Oxford, England, for general clinical use as an antibiotic, announcing their results in The Lancet.

  • 1943 USA Russian-born US biologist Selman Abraham Waksman discovers the antibiotic streptomycin, which is used as a treatment for tuberculosis; he coins the term ‘antibiotic’ to describe the range of antibacterial drugs developed since the discovery of penicillin.

  • 1947 USA The poliomyelitis virus is isolated by US physician Jonas E Salk.

  • 1956 USA Drug manufacturers in the USA begin to market the poliomyelitis vaccine developed by Dr Jonas E Salk.

  • 1957 Scotland, Switzerland Interferon, a natural protein that fights viruses, is discovered by Scottish virologist Alick Isaacs and Swiss virologist Jean Lindemann.

  • 1970 USA US biochemists Howard Temin and David Baltimore separately discover the enzyme reverse transcriptase, which allows some cancer viruses to transfer their RNA to the DNA of their hosts turning them cancerous – a reversal of the common pattern in which genetic information always passes from DNA to RNA.

  • 1972 USA US microbiologist Daniel Nathans uses a restriction enzyme that splits DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) molecules to produce a genetic map of the monkey virus (SV40), the simplest virus known to produce cancer; it is the first application of these enzymes to an understanding of the molecular basis of cancer.

  • 1973 USA US biochemists Stanley Cohen and Herbert Boyer develop the technique of recombinant DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). Strands of DNA are cut by restriction enzymes from one species and then inserted into the DNA of another; this marks the beginning of genetic engineering.

  • 1973 USA US medical physicist Paul Lauterbur obtains the first NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance) image, in Britain. Radio waves are beamed through a patient's body while subjected to a powerful magnetic field; an image is generated because different atoms absorb radio waves at different frequencies under the influence of a magnetic field.

  • 1977 USA US medical researcher Raymond Damadian produces the first images of human tissues using an NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance) scanner; used to detect cancer and other diseases without the need for X-rays, the scanner is based on the fact that electromagnetic fields cause some atomic nuclei to align themselves. The scanners become commercially available in the USA in 1984.

  • 1982 USA US researcher Stanley Prusiner discovers prions (proteinaceous infectious particles); they are responsible for several neurological diseases including ‘mad cow disease’ (first identified in 1986).

  • 1983 USA US medical researcher Robert Gallo at the US National Cancer Institute, Maryland, and French medical researcher Luc Montagnier at the Pasteur Institute in Paris, France, isolate the virus thought to cause AIDS; it becomes known as the HIV virus (human immunodeficiency virus).

  • 1988 France A French company markets the abortion-inducing drug RU486, developed by Etienne Baulieu; it induces an abortion up to seven weeks after fertilization by blocking receptors for the production of the hormone progesterone; anti-abortion groups protest.

  • 1994 USA Trials using transfusions of artificial blood begin in the USA. The blood contains genetically engineered haemoglobin.

  • October 1994  , The Pan American Health Organization declares the Americas to be free of Central America, polio.


  • 9 February 1998 USA US scientist David Ho reports the discovery of the HIV virus in a 1959 blood sample and suggests that the transfer from ape to human occurred in the late 1940s or early 1950s.

  • 27 March 1998 USA The US manufacturing company Pfizer gets approval from the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for its pill Viagra, which can cure male impotence. It becomes the fastest-selling prescription drug in US history.

  • 28 April 1998 England UK researchers at Guy's Hospital in London, England, announce the development of a vaccine against Streptococcus mutans the bacterium that causes tooth decay. They hope it will be incorporated into toothpaste to eradicate decay.

  • 10 April 2001 Netherlands The Netherlands becomes the first country in the world to legalize euthanasia as the upper house of parliament gives final endorsement to legislation.

  • 19 April 2001 South Africa A group of 39 multinational pharmaceutical firms abandon their court action against South Africa's government over the provision of generic drugs to combat AIDS.

  • August 2001 The results of an international medical study indicate that a simple combination therapy involving aspirin and a blood-thinning drug could represent the biggest breakthrough against heart disease in 20 years.

  • 27 March 2007 world Scientists announce the world's first case of semi-identical human twins.


National Association of Naturopathic Physicians --

Part II: The Discipline

A. DEFINITION

The Dictionary of Occupational Titles, U.S. Department of Labor, Washington, D.C., defines naturopathy as follows: Doctor, Naturopathic (medical service), 0-52-21. Naturopathic. A healer. Diagnoses and treats patients to stimulate and restore natural bodily processes and functions, using a system of practice that employs physical, mechanical, chemical, and psychological methods; utilizes dietetics, exercise, manipulation, chemical substances naturally found in or produced by living bodies, and the healing properties of air, light, water, heat, and electricity. Provides for care of bodily functions, processes, or traumas, and treats nervous or muscular tensions, abnormalities of tissues, organs, muscles, joints, bones, and skin, pressure on nerves, blood vessels, and lymphatics, and assists patient in making adjustments of a mental and emotional nature. Naturopathy excludes the use of major surgery, X-ray, and radium for therapeutic purposes and the use of drugs with the exception of those substances which are assimilable, contain elements or compounds which are components of bodily tissues and are useable by body processes for maintenance of life.

Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (G. & C. Merriam Company, 1W5), on page 563, defines naturopathy as: a system of treatment of disease emphasizing assistance to nature and including the use of natural medicinal substances and physical means (as manipulation and electrical treatment).

In his book "Basic Naturopathy" (1948, American Naturopathic Association, Inc.), Harry Riley Spitler, N.D., M.D., Ph.D., uses this definition: Naturopathy is a complete system of practice, making use of nature's agencies, forces, and processes, and products for therapeutic purposes, exclusive of major surgery.

The definition adopted by N.A.N.P. is this: Naturopathy (naturopathic medicine) -- A system of treatment of human disease which emphasizes assisting nature. It embraces minor surgery and the use of nature's agents, forces, processes, and products, and introduces them to the human body by any means that will produce health-yielding results.

B. THE SCIENTIFIC BASIS OF NATUROPATHY

1. Historical development

One aspect of Naturopathy dates to the pre-Christian Egyptians -- to their use of massage and manipulation of the body, its muscles, its tissues: the beginning of mechanotherapy. The Old Testament refers to subsequent Israelite rules governing diet hygiene. Me steam and vapor baths (early hydrotherapy) of middle Europe in the Middle Ages still obtain as does the use of cold and hot baths perfected by early Romans and Athenians.

The herbal, botanical side of naturopathy dates most clearly to the Chinese of 5,000 years ago, the discoverers of therapeutic value in ginseng, cascara. and other roots, flowers, and botanical substances.

Naturopathic education dates to the Athenian teachings of Easculapius during the 13th century B.C. Of the 300 "healing centers" in Greece which followed, 200-300 years B.C., one (at Kos) nurtured Hippocrates, father of modern medicine.

In 1050 A.D. the first "university of hygiene" was founded at Salerno, Italy: the initial book of health rules it produced went through 240 editions.

As the 12th century opened, universities were founded in Bologna. Montpellier, and Oxford. Paracelsus began experiments with the body's dependency upon sulphur, mercury, and salt, and with the concept of internal medication . . . giving birth to the theory of iatro-chemistry, the forerunner of contemporary pharmacology.

It could 'be held that naturopathy as a formal profession and discipline was recognized and legalized when the "Herbalist Charter" of King Henry VIII was enacted by England's Parliament. That document read in part: Be it ordained. established, and enacted, by authority of this present Parliament, That all Time from henceforth it shall be lawful to every Person being the King's subject, having Knowledge and Experience of the Nature of Herbs, Roots, and Waters or of the Operation of the same, by Speculation or Practice, within any part of the Realm of England, or within any other of the King's Dominations, to practice, use, and minister in and to any outward Sore, Uncome Wound, Aspotemations, outward Swelling or Disease, Any Herb or Herbs, Ointments, Baths, Pultess, and Emplaisters, according to their cunning, Experience, and Knowledge in any of the Diseases, Sores, and Maladies beforesald, and all other like to the same, or Drinks for the Stone, Strangury, or Agues, without suit, vexation, trouble, penalty, or loss of their goods. . . .

Hydrotherapy, as an adjunct of natural healing, gained initial European prominence through the movement begun by Priessnitz at his institute in Grafenberg, Silesia in 1829. At first, lay patients, and later physicians, sought his teaching and help with such practical procedures as plunge, hot and cold packs, sitz baths, and compresses.

But hydrotherapy is only one of the many therapeutic techniques employed by naturopathy. Rickli delved into sunlight and air cures following Priessnitz' lead, beginning in 1848. Berg began research into vegetarian diet; Finsen, into ultraviolet treatment; Cone, into psychology; Schroch into warm moisture, dry diet, and fasting ... all precursor scientists to the formal regimen of today's naturopathy.

The groundwork for naturopathy per se was laid by Hippocrates, when he wrote in a treatise on "Epidemic Diseases" -- "Nature is the healer of all disease. Let foods be your Medicine and your Medicine your Foods."

The 19th century . . . from 1859 to 1900 particularly . . . fleshed-out Hippocrates' basic thesis. Man after man added to the body of knowledge concerning natural healing: Christian was the food scientist; Buckley was the first American physician to recognize the value of diet in treating cancer patients; Wilstatter, a German chemist, was first to study the healing properties of chlorophyll in treating anemia.

The 20th century practitioner who tied all the foregoing body of knowledge together, into the formal concepts of contemporary naturopathy, was Benedict Lust, born and educated in Germany, who introduced naturopathic healing to the United States in 1892, with the founding of his Yungborn Health Institution in New Jersey. . . . at the same time that Dr. Still propounded the philosophy of osteopathy and Dr. Palmer Inaugurated the practice of chiropractic.

Naturopathy's pioneers, in addition to Lust, Included Kellogg, founder of the Battle Creek Sanitarium, and Hahnemann, founder of homeopathy.

2. Scientific theories and principles

Naturopathy (naturopathic medicine) is the technique of treatment of human disease which emphasizes assisting nature. It can embrace minor surgery and the use of nature's agencies, forces, processes, and products, introducing them to the human body by any means that will produce health-yielding results.

Naturopathy is based upon the tendency of the body to maintain a balance and to heal itself. The purpose of naturopathic medicine is to further this process by using natural remedies . . . as distinct from "orthodox" medicine (allopathy and osteopathy), which seeks to combat disease by using remedies which are chosen to destroy the causative agent or which produce effects different from those produced by the disease treated (from the definition of "allopathy" -- Webster's Seventh New College Dictionary: 1965, p. 24).

Naturopathy places priority upon these conditions as the basis for ill health: (1) lowered vitality; (2) abnormal composition of blood and lymph; (3) maladjustment of muscles, ligaments, bones, and neurotropic disturbances; (4) accumulation of waste matter and poison in the system; (5) germs, bacteria, and parasites which invade the body and flourish because of toxic states which may provide optimum conditions for their flourishing; (6) consideration of hereditary influences; and (7) psychological disturbances.

In applying naturopathic principles to healing, the practitioner may administer one or more of specified physiological, mechanical, nutritional, manual. phytotherapeutic, or animal devices or substances. The practitioners end aim is to remove obstacles to the body's normal functioning, applying natural forces to restore its recuperative facilities. Only those preparations and doses which act in harmony with the body economy are utilized, to alter perverse functions, cleanse body of its catabolic wastes, and promote its anabolic processes.

3. Supportive studies and research

Bibliographies containing reference works used in teaching undergraduate practitioners-to-be, and utilized, postgraduate, by practicing naturopathic physicians, are appended hereto, from the Library of Congress and from the National Library of Medicine in Bethesda, Maryland.

In sum, the texts on these appended bibliographies comprise the primary body of formal knowledge which governs the practice of naturopathy -- the results of research emanating from or pertinent to this profession, and case studies which confirm the validity of the naturopathic mode of practice.

C. THE PRACTICE OF NATUROPATHY

1. Role of diagnosis

Diagnosis (as defined by Gould and as accepted by naturopathy) is the determination of the nature of a disease by --

Anatomical diagnosis: diagnosis based upon the recognition of definite anatomical alterations lying back of the phenomena;
Post-mortem diagnosis: diagnosis made after death, by autopsy;
Clinical diagnosis: diagnosis made from the symptoms alone;
Differential diagnosis: distinguishing between two diseases of similar character by comparing their symptoms;
Exclusion diagnosis: recognition of a disease by excluding all other known conditions;
Pathological diagnosis: diagnosis of the structural lesions present in a disease;
Physical diagnosis: determination of disease by inspection, palpation, percussion, or auscultation and observation;
Topographical diagnosis: that based upon the seat of a lesion.
Diagnosis is, necessarily, each physician's prelude to prescription and/or treatment, as it is with all naturopathic physicians, albeit that diagnosis from verbal (orally-given) symptoms, is unacceptable. Naturopathy's forebearers may have set today's standards for diagnosis as a mandatory prelude to treatment. The chemist of George Washington's era, Carl Wilhelm Scheele, discarded from his apothecary shop the previously (and automatically) applied "iron from the nails of the coffins of criminals," etc., as essential medications." Further symptoms alone are but one phase of diagnosis, for symptoms are to naturopathy, as Hippocrates wrote, "Partly symptoms of defense and partly symptoms of failure."

a. Interview

Techniques for patient interviews are generally consistent throughout naturopathic practice. Sample questionnaire forms for completion by physician and/or patient are appended. The personal interview Is the naturopathic physician's first phase of diagnosis -- observation, visual detection of obvious abnormalities of a physical or psychological character, aural detection of physiological (speech) or psychological abnormalities, etc.

During the interview, the naturopathic physician examines extensively for subjective symptoms which are revealed through conversation, and seeks maximum objective or subjective information following the diagnostic outline in 1. above.

b. Physical examination

Guidelines in the diagnostic outline of 1. above apply to physical examination of the patient as well as to aural-written notions.

Initial physical examinations, for new patients, are comprehensive, regardless of the nature of the patient's complaint -- to establish history and ascertain with some exactitude the current status of the patient's body. Manual and visual examination of the body -- its limbs, muscles, orifices, is routine.

The naturopath applies to his physical examinations of patients the principles in which he has been trained -- osteology, Roentgenology, dermatology, syndesmology, myology, neurology, topographical anatomy, ophthalmology, angiology. physiology, otalaryngology, clinical psychology, pediatrics, proctology, gynecology, obstetrics, etc.

Aside from data collected on a patient's questionnaire, the physical examination probes functions of the neuron and muscle fibers and their interdependence in myoneural action; physio-chemical phenomena associated in the process of osmosis, diffusion, and their bearing on such functions as pulmonary and cellular respiration, absorption, and secretion; the physiology of the heart, blood, and lymph; the excretory functions of the kidney (see following d.), skin, and lungs; the endocrine system and its role in the metabolic process; the function of the cerebrospinal and autonomous nervous systems; the physiology of the male and female generative systems.

c. Diagnostic aids

The naturopath's armamentarium includes every accepted diagnostic instrument: Sphygmomanometer; stethoscope, electro-cardiograph; endo-cardiograph; thermometer; speculums; proctoscopes; sigmoidoscopes; instruments for testing reflexes, aural receptivity, and for testing pressure of the eyeball; scales; X-ray fluoroscopes -- the gamut of modern medicine's diagnostic equipment. (Note: naturopathic physicians utilize X-ray for diagnostic purposes, not for therapy.)

d. Laboratory tests

The naturopathic physician is schooled in inorganic chemistry, bio-chemistry, biology, zoology, histology, microscopic anatomy, splanchology, embryology, bacteriology, pathology, toxicology, trophology, endocrinology, etc.

He is trained in laboratory diagnosis, conducting his own tests or utilizing state health department or private laboratories for studies and evaluation. (A Rumple report form utilized by Oregon's Public Health Laboratory in reporting test results to naturopaths is appended.) The naturopath applies physiological and pathological chemistry to his analyses: micro-biology and micro-bacteriology, serology, and bio-chemistry.

All of the bodies' tissues, fluids and excretions are subject to examination during the course of laboratory testing as part of naturopathic diagnosis: urine, sputum, feces, epidermal abnormalities, gastric fluids, etc.

Blood testing, aside from Its role as part of any general physical examination, is also conducted by the naturopath for the specific purpose of detecting venereal disease or as a concomitant and pre- and post-natal care and the prophylaxis of or informational reporting on new-born infants. Serology is an essential part of naturopaths' geriatric and gerontological practice.

2. Treatment methods

Obviously, treatment will vary with the condition which necessitates it. Generally speaking, naturopathy utilizes nature's agencies, forces, processes, and products, which may be applied to the body by using physiotherapy, mechanotherapy, or hydrotherapy. Botanical agents and biological remedies may be prescribed, for external application or internal consumption, and nutritional counseling may figure in treatment.

lontophoresis is employed frequently to ionize certain remedies in the treatment of disease when it is deemed inadvisable to prescribe internal medication.

Naturopathy's overriding dictate . . . when the practitioner's decision to apply prophylactic or physiological therapeusis is being formulated . . . is that nature is a sensitive agent possessing the faculty of making her own cures.

The techniques applicable to naturopathic treatment of disease and illness are the same techniques applicable to treatment by an allopath, with greater emphasis upon hydrotherapy, massage, manipulation, or electrotherapy in necessary instances, and with greater utilization of medications in their natural or botanical form than in their chemically-created or derived form.

To draw a simple comparison, naturopathic gynecology and obstetrics parallel allopathic gynecology and obstetrics. Naturopathy's osteopathic treatment embraces the identical principles of clinical visceral neurology and orthopedics (minor surgery) as those guiding the osteopath. Similarly, naturopathy's uses of Roentgenology and radiology are no more radical than those of allopathy.

Naturopathy does, in general, rely less heavily on radical alteration of bodily functions and chemistry than do other healing arts. Naturopathy's primary stresses include light therapy (helio, light, ultra-violet, infra-red, chrome, etc.); electrotherapy (galvanic, faradic, sinusoidal, diathermic etc.); vigrotherapy (oscillations, concussions, vibration, spondylotherapy); remedial exercise (kinesiotherapy, medical gymnastics, body mechanics, active and passive exercise): manipulations (osseus and soft tissue, mobilization and immobilization techniques, spinal therapy, manipulative and orificial surgery); vasomotor control, mechanical therapy (utilizing supporters, prosthetics, belts, casts, pneumatotherapy, zone therapy, orthopedic devices); crymotherapy; blochemic therapy (nutritional -- correcting deficiencies and employing corrective or hygienic nutrition, phytotherapy-using naturopathic botanicals, herbal, and vegetable materials as listed in "Naturae Medicina"; the use of tissue minerals and cell salts -- Schuessler, vitamins, endocrines, etc; vaportherapy; colon therapy -- irrigating agents and other products for the treatment pathoses of this region; autotherapies; climatotherapy.

3. Patient records

Refer to appended, sample patient interview (narrative case history) questionnaires and laboratory reports. Each practitioner maintains his own form of on-going record for detailing a patient's medical history or progress.

D. CONTRIBUTIONS OF NATUROPATHY TO THE HEALTH FIELD

1. New knowledge

See the appended bibliography of works utilized as references by this profession. These lists include works which are the product of naturopathic case studies or research.

Naturopathy's contribution to the formal, published body of medical research is limited because almost all of its practitioners are individuals, without the benefit of teaching hospitals, numerous clinics, or other study centers in which pure research-endowed privately or by government -- can be conducted. Naturopathy's research is confined primarily to monographs printed in its professional publications or delivered orally at its conventions and other educational meetings.

Many naturopathic physicians feel that their profession's principles are still untried by the larger body of allopathic medicine, hence various naturopathic principles which are centuries old could still be considered "new" to the contemporary practitioner who has yet to utilize them in the late 20th century.

2. New techniques

Essentially, the answer to D. 1. above applies to this question, save that naturopathic undergraduate and postgraduate teaching and seminar curricula embrace every new concept, technique, medication, and instrument which becomes known to the healing arts generally (and which is within legal limitations upon naturopathic practice).

3. New approaches to health

Here it can be held without contradiction that naturopathy has led the way in the fields of nutrition, dietetics, metabolic chemistry, and in some areas of hydro- and physiotherapy. For example, long established naturopathic principles were given national esteem 25 years ago through the "Sister Kenny treatment" for poliomyelitis. Naturopathy's manipulative techniques have been substantially emulated by chiropractic. Naturopaths and their 19th-century forebears were the first to recognize validity in the hypnosis thesis of Paracelsus, Cagliostro, von Helmont, Mesmer, and Braid. Naturopaths, in Freud's professional infancy, were already attuned to the value of psychotherapy.

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